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Ibnu Khaldun Scientists Islamic Sociology |
Ibnu Khaldun Scientists Islamic Sociology, His full name is Abdurrahman Abu Zaid Waliuddin bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Abi Bakar Muhammad bin al-Hasan. His father was a name given Abdurrahman, he was called Abu Zaid and holds Waliuddin. Ibn Khaldun's own name refers to his grandfather named Khalid ibn Uthman. Arabs, Alaihi Salam a form of reverence to the height of his knowledge, adding the letter Wawu and nun at his grandfather's name. Be it well known until now AS Ibnu Khaldun.
 Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunisia at the beginning of Ramadan 732 H, or precisely on May 27, 1332 M. Family Banu Khaldun known from Hadramaut region, a region in the south of the Arabian peninsula. Banu Khaldun then moved to Andalusia and settled in Seville at the beginning of the spread of Islam there in about the 9th century BC. Furthermore Banu Khaldun family is a noble family who hold important positions in the government and armed forces of the Umayyads of Andalusia, Al-Almoravids (Almoravide), and Al-Almohad Caliphate (Almohade). In the 13th century BC, when it became a republic Andalusia feudal nobility, family Banu Khaldun also plays an important role.
 During the Reconquista, the family of Banu Khaldun cross into Ceuta in North Africa before finally settling in Tunisia. Children of Khaldun's displacement occurred in 1248, but there are also other sources that say that Bani Khaldun moved in 1223. In Tunis proved Banu Khaldun also plays an important role in the government. Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khaldun's grandfather worked AS a Hajib (head of the royal household) Hafs dynasty. He was admired and respected in the palace, many times Amir Abu Yahya al-Lihyani (711 H), the leader of al-Almohad Caliphate dynasty that has ruled the children of Hafz in Tunisia, offering a higher position to Muhammad ibn Muhammad, but the offer was rejected , at the end of his life, Ibn Khaldun's grandfather liked to pursue religious sciences until he died in 1337 AD
 In lingkuangan family or educated like this Abdurrahman Ibn Khaldun was born and grow. Surely this educated family environment brings great influence to Ibn Khaldun. Also supported by his intelligence above the average makes him would become a worldwide leader and his works immortal.
Demanding period Sciences
Ibn Khaldun young, AS well Alaihi Salam other Arab youths, get traditional direct instruction from his father. First Ibn Khaldun studied the Qur'an and memorize it all. Then Ibn Khaldun also learn various qira'at to Qur'an. Then he studied grammar and poetry, and only after that he studied law. Aside from his father, Ibn Khaldun also very enthusiastic to learn tafsir, hadith, fiqh proposal, Tawheed, Fiqh Maliki, physics and mathematics.
All knowledge is learned directly by Ibn Khaldun of scholars diTunisia. Among his teachers was Abu Abd Allah Ibn Sa'ad Muhrnas al-Ansari and Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Bathani in qira'at; Abu Abdillah Ibn al-Qashar in Arabic grammatical knowledge; Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Bahr and Abu Abdillah Ibn Jabir al-Wadiyasyi in literature; Abu Abd al-Jayyani and Abu Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Salam in the science of jurisprudence; and many more teachers. Awesome of Ibn Khaldun is the depth insight into the various fields of science that he learned. Though certainly not easy to learn all of it, almost simultaneously.
The period of this study, he lived for approximately 18 years. Alaihi Salam from his birth in 1332 until 1350. Once cooked with sciences which he learned, at age 18 Ibn Khaldun began to enter politics. This is the first experience of Ibn Khaldun worked in government AS Sahib al-Ash Grove (storage signature), the government of Abu Muhammad Ibn Tafrakhtan in Tunis.
Period Politics
Since the initial foray into the world of practical politics, Ibn Khaldun often moved around the place. Initially he worked in Fez, and then to Granada, Baugie, Biskara and others, in the period between 1350-1382 AD Early career AS Sahib al-Ash Grove Ibn Khaldun lived only for about 2 years, then he ventured towards Biskara Then in the year 1354 Ibn Khaldun moved to Morocco settled in Fez. Fez ruler, Sultan Abu Inan when it was then appointed him secretary of the sultan.
During 8 years of Ibn Khaldun settled in Fez, a lot of the political intrigue and eventually cornered him. Sultan Abu Inan accused him of treason and conspiring with Abu Abd Allah Muhammad of Bani Hafs. Finally he established himself went to Spain and arrived in Granada on December 26, 1362 CE He was well received by the ruler of Granada, Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Yusuf. A year later he began his new duties AS a diplomat. Ibn Khaldun was sent to King Pedro El Cruel, ruler Sevilla. In this Sevilla he saw what he called "the relics of power my ancestors". Alaihi Salam judged competent, King Pedro offers lands "ancestors" Alaihi Salam long Alaihi Salam he wants to work for the Christian king. Ibn Khaldun rejected the offer.
Again, the political activity of Ibn Khaldun cause jealousy in the court of Granada. To avoid further conflict, Ibn Khaldun resigned and returned to Africa together with his family. This time he tried his fortune in Bougi, Algeria. Ruler Bougi then appointed him prime minister. Here he had led troops to quell minor disturbances caused by the barbarians.
After the poor across the world full of political intrigue and turmoil, Ibn Khaldun finally felt that he had to stop. In 1375 became a very important year for him. Since then he let go of all official positions of government and then together with his family settled in the court of Ibn Salamah Qal'at near Oran. This is where he seclusion and over the next four years he focused his mind to finish his great work, Prolegomena and book Al-Khabar Mubtada'wal Diwanul I'bar wa fi Ayamul 'Arab wal wal A'jam Barbarian.
Because of the need for the materials making up his work, Ibn Khaldun decided to return to the village courtyard, Tunisia, in 1378. In Tunisia, he is back again to learn and also teach. In 1382 Ibn Khaldun went to Mecca for pilgrimage. Prior to that he stopped while in town Alexandria in Egypt. In this city he was keen to settle in Cairo and taught at the University of Al-Azhar.
Teaching Period
Ibn Khaldun arrived in Cairo after his great work, Prolegomena, first published in Egypt. He arrived on January 6, 1383. It was a rousing welcome the Egyptian people to Ibn Khaldun. At that time the Mamluks were mighty in Egypt and the political situation there was stable. Over the last 20 years of his life Ibn Khaldun's spend it in Egypt. He is engaged AS a lecturer at Al-Azhar University and also AS a high court judges in the Supreme Court.
Ibn Khaldun studies at institutions of higher education in Egypt, such Alaihi Salam al-Azhar University, College of Law Qamhiyah, College and high school Zhahiriyyah Sharghat Musyiyyah. He taught mainly in the field of jurisprudence, hadith and some theories about the history of sociology that has been written in the Prolegomena. In addition to fighting in the academic world, Ibn Khaldun also perform activities related to the legal world.
August 8, 1384, he was appointed by Sultan Al-Zahir Barqa, AS justices on the court Maliki madhhab Egypt. While serving AS the chief justice, he tried hard to reform this law firm who was much filled with corruption. Her actions certainly carries serious consequences for him. Again Ibn Khaldun have to deal with people who are jealous and spreading bad precedent for him. Because he could not bear eventually chose to resign.
In 1387 Ibn Khaldun pilgrimage and when he returned to Egypt was appointed again Alaihi Salam the Court justices Egypt by the Egyptian Sultan Nasir Faraj, son of Sultan Burquq. 1400 was the most dramatic moment that he must naturally. He and several judges and other sah experts sent by the Mamluk sultan to Damascus who was threatened by the invasion of Tamerlane. Woe irresistible. Egyptian soldiers who defend Damascus can be destroyed by Tartar troops and forced to retreat. Unfortunately, Ibn Khaldun was captured and held AS hostages to negotiate surrender of the city of Damascus to Tamerlane.
But Ibn Khaldun, who had a mountain of political experience would have a strategy to deal with Tamerlane. Tamerlane himself interested in knowledge and charisma owned Ibn Khaldun. Tamerlane invited him to discuss the problems of Africa. He himself took the opportunity to complete his studies on the history of the Tartars and Mongols new. Thanks to agitation and lobby-lobbying, Ibn Khaldun finally managed to rescue a number of prominent people. AS soon Alaihi Salam he returned back to Egypt justices assigned positions. He served this great judge until his death.
The works of Ibn Khaldun and Influence
Ibn Khaldun is known Alaihi Salam a historian and father of sociology of Islam who memorized the Qur'an at an early age. Alaihi Salam an expert of Islamic politics, he was known AS the father of Islamic Economics, for his thoughts on the economic theory of logical and realistic far been put forward before Adam Smith (1723-1790) and David Ricardo (1772-1823) put forward theories of economy. Even AS a teenager, his writings had spread everywhere. The writings and thoughts of Ibn Khaldun was born Alaihi Salam a very deep study, observation of various people who knew the science and knowledge, and he lived in the midst of them in his wanderings wide anyway.
In 1375 became a crucial moment in the life of Ibn Kholdun. After struggling in the political activity for more than 25 years, he began to withdraw from the bustle of politics and start over intellectual activity. In the past four years, from 1375 until 1378, he focused his resolve kitabAl-I'bar manuscript which she had prepared before. With detailed research and in-depth history of the book finally finished it in 7 volumes with a new title Al-Khabar Mubtada'wal Diwanul I'bar wa fi Ayamul 'Arab wal wal A'jam tidak beradab wa Man' Asharahum min Dzawis Sultan al-besar . And the introduction section which we now know Alaihi Salam the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldun is very influential in the development of the social sciences and continues to be studied until now.
This book in 1863 by De Slane translated into French under the title Les Prolegomenes d'Ibn Khaldoun. After that, towards the end of the 19th century Ibn Khaldun formulas in this book much influence the thinking of the German and Austrian sociologist. Other works of Ibn Khaldun the very high value of them, At-Ta'riif bi Ibn Khaldun (an autobiographical book, notes from the book of history), Lubab fi Usul al-Muhassal ad-Deen (a book about the problems and opinions of theology , which is a summary of the book Muhassal Afkaar al-Mutaqaddimiin wa al-Muta'akh-khiriin works of Imam Fakhruddin Razi).
They comment on Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldun, he died in Cairo Egypt during the holy month of Ramadan precisely on the 25th of Ramadan 808 AH / March 19, 1406 AD In a turbulent life and wanderings, reflections and research-depth research has made him a Muslim scholar so illustrious until now. Not only Eastern people who examine the pearls of thought, but also Western scholars. And here are a few comments from some scholars have ever examine his works.
 "The writings of social and history of Ibn Khaldun was the only of the intellectual tradition that has been accepted in the Western world, especially sociologists in English (who wrote his works in English)" - DR. Bryan S. Turner, professor of sociology at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland in his article "The Islamic Review and Arabic Affairs" in the 1970s.
"... 'Abd-ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hadrami Chaldun of Tunis (living in the year 1332 to 1406) was a genial Arabs in the' chance 'less than four years of fifty-four years of age adults who used to work , can achieve a lasting work in the form of an article may be compared with the works of Thucydides or Machiavelli, both in the broad vision, Alaihi Salam well Alaihi Salam the intellectual powers alone. Save Ibn Chaldun added shine with very brilliant, because it highlights the natural pitch black. If Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Clarendon is brilliant stars that live in times and places too bright, then Ibn Chaldun is only one point of light that shines at that time on the horizon. "- Arnold J. Toynbee , of the Royal Institute of International Affairs and Oxford University Press, in A Study of History, volume III.
"... Ibn Khaldun is an expert on the history, politics, sociology, and economics expert, one who studied human problems, researching human life that has been passed to understand life now and in the days to come. He is not only the greatest historian of medieval, towering like a giant among pygmies tribe, but he is a philosopher of history first, a precursor to Machiavelli, Bodin, Comte, and Curnot. "- George Sarton, in the Introduction to the History of Science.
Prolegomena. This is a monumental work of Ibn Khaldun, the great scientist and historian in the 14th century AD The book written thinkers of Tunisia, North Africa was recorded AS the work is very impressive. Influence begitru remarkable, not only coloring of thought in the Islamic world, but also the Western civilization.
The Greeks call it AS the work of Ibn Khaldun's Prolegomena. Some thinkers agree that the Prolegomena is the first work to study the philosophy of history, social sciences, demography, historiography and cultural history. IM Oweiss in his work titled Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist assess, Prolegomena is one of the pioneers of terbaru economics books.
Moreover, Ibn Khaldun in his magnum opus was also dissected and discusses Islamic theology. Even more interesting, Ibn Khaldun also discuss science or natural science in his book was very popular. In particular, Ibn Khaldun investigated the biology and chemistry studies in a separate part of the natural sciences.
Biology
Teodros Kiros in his Explorations in African Political Thought, say, in the field of biology in particular Ibn Khaldun discuss the theory of evolution. According Khaldun, this world and everything in it has a certain order and arrangement of objects. He tried to try the link between cause and caused things, a combination of some parts of creation with others, and the transformation of some form into something else.
Moreover, Ibn Khaldun also discuss the creation of the world. According to him, the living things originated from a mineral then developed and sensible. Gradually, then transformed into plants and animals. "The last stage mineral '' connected '' with the first stage of the plant, such AS plants and seedless plants, '' said Ibn Khaldun.
The last stage of the plant, he added, such AS palm trees and vines (vine), connected with the first stage of an animal, such AS snails (snails) and mussels which only has the power tap.
According to Ibn Khaldun, the world of animals and then expanding into various types. In the process of the gradual creation, animal / animals ultimately leads to the human form, which is able to think and interpret. "The highest stage of human reach of the ape world, where both intelligence and perception was found, but has not reached the stage of reflection and thought actually," said Ibn Khaldun.
Ibn Khaldun turned out to be an adherent of environmental determinism. He explained that blacks were caused by the hot climate of the Sahara Africa and not due to heredity. "He actually dispels the Hamitic theory, where the children of Ham who was cursed by being black, Alaihi Salam a myth," said Chouki El Hameldalam his Race, slavery and Islam in the Maghreb Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin inMorocco.
Chemistry
According to George Anawati, in chemistry, Ibn Khaldun was a critic of the practice of chemistry in the Islamic world. "In chapter 23, entitled Fi 'Ilm al-Kimya, he discusses the history of chemistry, which is seen from the chemist Jabir ibn Hayyan like (721-815 AD), and the theory of change in metal and elixir (panacea) life." Said Anawati in his Arabic Alchemy.
Anawati added in chapter 26, entitled The Book Prolegomena inkar thamrat Fi al-Kimya wa wa ma istihalat wujudiha Chaoyang min al-mafasid, Khadlun write a systematic refutation of the chemical in the social, scientific, philosophical and religious grounds.
"He started the disclaimer on the social basis, the argument that many chemists are able to earn income from life because thoughts become rich through chemistry and eventually lose credibility," said Anawati.
Ibn Khaldun also found some chemists were forced to commit fraud, either openly by using a thin layer of gold / silver on silver / copper jewelry and secretly using copper bleaching procedures coat with mercury transform it. Even so, he admits that there are chemists honest.
Ibn Khaldun also criticized the views and theories of chemical-induced tenteng al-Farabi, Ibn Sina and Al-Tughrai. "The science of man is powerless to achieve the lowest even though, chemically resembles someone who wants to produce human, animal or plant."
Anawati said, in criticizing the chemical sciences, Ibn Khaldun also use the social logic. Anawati said that Ibn Khaldun in his book confirms that the chemicals can only be achieved through the influence of psychic (bi-ta'thirat al-Nufus). The remarkable thing to be one of the wonders of witchcraft / sorcery (magic) ... They are infinite, can not be claimed for them. "
Prof. Hamed A EAD, from Cairo University in his article titled Alchemy in Ibn Khaldun's Prolegomena say that Ibn Khaldun chemical defines Alaihi Salam "the study of substances which gold and silver artificial generation can be created. ''
That Ibn Khaldun peel natural science in his work is phenomenal, Al-Prolegomena.
Behind Writing Prolegomena
Ibn Khaldun was a great scientist who was born in Tunisia on May 27, 1332 or 1 Ramadan 732 H. He was named a full Waliuddin Abdurrahman ibn Muhammad Ibn Khaldun al-Hadrami Al-Ishbili. Besides being known Alaihi Salam a great thinker, he is also a seasoned politician.
After the retreat of practical politics, Ibn Khaldun with his family decided to retreat in Qalat Ibn Salamah, a palace located in the land of Banu Tajin, for four years. During the period of contemplation that, Ibn Khaldun finish writing phenomenal work titled Al-Prolegomena.
'' In this resignation I completed the Al-Prolegomena, a work that is entirely original in its planning and my potion of the best results of extensive research, "said Ibn Khaldun in his biography titled Al-Rate Ibn-Khaldun bi wa wa Rihlatuhu Gharban Sharqan.
Ibn Khaldun's thought fruit was so riveting. No wonder, if the British historian Arnold Toynbee regarded AS a masterpiece of Al-Muqaddimah largest of its kind in history.
According to Ahmad Syafii in his book, Ibn Khaldun in view Authors West and the East, one of Ibn Khaldun's thesis in Al-Muqaddimah often cited are: `Man is not the product of his ancestors, but is the product of social practices."
Broadly speaking, Tarif Khalidi, in his book The Classical Arabic Islamic Al-Muqaddimah split into three main sections. First, talk about historiography peeling errors Arab-Muslim historians. Second, Al-Muqaddimah peel about science culture.
For Ibn Khaldun, the science is the basis for understanding history. Third, peeling institutions and Islamic sciences who has grown up with the 14th century. Although only AS an introduction of the main book entitled al-Ibar, in fact Al-Muqaddimah more illustrious.
Because the entire building his theory of the social sciences, culture, and history contained in the book. In the book of Ibn Khaldun among states that the study of history should be through tests are critical.
'' In the hands of Ibn Khaldun, history becomes something that is rational, factual and free of fables, "said Syafii. Capitalize experience crisscrossing the politics of his time, Ibn Khaldun al-Muqaddimah able to write clearly. In his book that, Ibn Khaldun also discuss human civilization, the laws of society and social change.
According to Charles Issawi in An Arab Philosophy of History, through Al-Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun was the first scholar who made it clear, at the same time applying the principles that form the basis of sociology. One of the principles set forth Ibn Khaldun on the social sciences, among others; "People are not static, forms soisal change and develop."
Thought Ibn Khaldun has given a great influence on Western scientists. Furthermore, before Aguste Comte many thinkers who contributed to the tradition of Western positivism keintelektualan science research methods ever proposed Islamic thinkers such AS Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406).
In metodeloginya, Ibn Khaldun put empirical data, theoretical verification, testing hypotheses, and methods of observation. Everything is the principal basis of the West and the world of scientific research, today. "Ibn Khaldun was the first scholar who tried to formulate social laws," said scientists from Germany, Heinrich Simon
Ibn Khaldun, so the renowned name among Western thinkers and scientists. He is a Muslim thinkers and scientists pemikiranya considered pure and new in his day. No wonder his ideas about the Arab community AS contained in his phenomenal book "Prolegomena" is considered AS the seed of the birth of Sociology. His research on the history of the use of different methods of research scientists at that time also referred to AS the seed of the emergence of Philosophy of History Alaihi Salam it exists now. Life that crisscrossed in Tunisia (Africa) and Andalusia, Alaihi Salam well Alaihi Salam living in the world of politics no doubt support his thoughts on politics and sociology sharp and able to provide a great contribution to Science.
Origin of the State (Daulah)
According to Ibn Khaldun man was created AS a political or social beings, ie beings always need others to preserve life, so that life in community and social organization is a necessity (dharury) (Prolegomena: 41). This opinion seems similar to the opinion of Al-Mawardi and Abi Rabi '. Furthermore, humans just might survive to live with food aid. Medium to meet the little food in one day alone takes a lot of work. Alaihi Salam an example of a grain of wheat to be a piece of bread requires a long process. Grain of wheat must be ground first, and then burned before it is ready to eat, and to everything that needed tools to enable it requires cooperation with clever wood or iron. Likewise, wheat-wheat there, does not necessarily exist, but it takes a farmer. That is, humans in order to survive with the food needs of other human beings. (Prolegomena: 42). In addition to the food needs for survival, according to Ibn Khaldun man needs help in self-defense against the threat of danger. This is because God created the universe when it was divided up between the power of the living creatures, even many animals that have more power than that of humans. And aggressive character is something that comes naturally to every creature. Therefore God gave each living being a member of a special body to defend themselves. Given a reasonable human being, or the ability to think and two hands by God. With the human mind and hand it can sustain life with farming, or perform other activities to sustain life. But once again for the human life mempertah`nkan still need help from each other, so that the organization kemasyarakatn is a must. Without the organization of human existence would not be complete, and the will of the Lord to fill this world with mankind and let it breed AS the caliphate will not materialize (Prolegomena: 43). After the organization of society is formed, and this is civilization, society requires someone who can influence and separator are acting Alaihi Salam a perantara between members of the public. This is because humans have an aggressive and unfair character, so that the mind and hands of God-given not allowed to defend themselves from attack another human being because every human being has a mind and hands AS well. For that needed something else to counteract the aggressive nature of man against the other. He is a person of the community itself, a strong influence on the community members, have authority and power over them Alaihi Salam controller / Wazi'. Thus there will be no members of the public who attacked fellow members of other communities. The need for someone who has the authority to control and is then increased. Powered by the sense of community that is formed that a leader (rais) in the set and to mediate can not work alone and thus require a strong and loyal soldiers, the prime minister, Alaihi Salam well AS other helpers to forming a Dynasty (Daulah) or royal (mulk) . (Prolegomena: 139). Ibn Khaldun in this case seems similar to that proposed by Aristotle, Farabi, Ibn Abi Rabi 'al-Mawardi. So thinking in this regard is not new, though he himself says that this is a new theory. But what distinguishes that research conducted in the Ibn Khaldun filososif Muwaddimahnya not just study, but studies based on sensory observation and analysis of comparative data objectively, AS an attempt to understand humans in the past and present to forecast the future with different trends.
Public Sociology: Bedouin civilization, man city, and Social Solidarity
In addition to what has been described above, Ibn Khaldun argues that there are other factors forming the State (Daulah), namely 'ashabiya. His theory of 'ashabiyah is what catapulted him in the eyes of terkini thinkers, the theory that distinguishes it from other Muslim thinkers. 'Ashabiyah implies Group feeling, solidarity groups, tribal fanaticism, nationalism, or social sentiment. That is the love and affection of a man to relatives or neighbors when one of them being treated unfairly or harmed. Ibn Khaldun in this case raises two fundamental social categories namely Badawah (inland communities, primitive society, or desert areas) and hadara (city life, civilized society). Both are a natural phenomenon and undoubtedly (dharury) (Prolegomena: 120). He said many residents of the city to deal with the good life. They are accustomed to a life of luxury and many debauched. Their souls have been contaminated by various kinds of despicable character. While the Bedouins, though also dealing with the world, but still within the limits of necessity, and not in luxury, lust and pleasure (Prolegomena: 123). Subur area influence on religious matters. Bedouins who live simpler than those cities and live starve and leaving luxury food is better in religion than people who live in luxury and excess. People who are devout few who live in cities because the city was filled with violence and indifference. Therefore, some people who live in the desert is the ascetics. Bedouin bolder than city dwellers. Because of the city's population lazy and likes the easy-easy. They dissolve in pleasure and luxury. They entrust themselves and property security affairs to the ruler. While the Bedouin people retiring from public life. They live wild in places far outside the city and never gain control of the army. Therefore, they themselves were defending themselves and not ask for help on others (Prolegomena: 125). To survive rural communities should have the sentiment of the group ('ashabiyyah) which is a driving force in the course of human history, generating a clan. Clan who have 'strong ashabiyyah may develop into a country (Prolegomena: 120). Leadership qualities that have always possessed the social solidarity. Every tribe is usually tied to the descendants of a specific nature (typical) or general ('aam). Solidarity in this particular breeds are more ingrained than the solidarity of the descendants of a general nature. Therefore, the lead can only be carried out with power. Then the social solidarity that is owned by the leader must be stronger than the other existing solidarity, so that he could gain power and led his people to perfection. Social solidarity is a requirement of power (Prolegomena: 131). In leading people, there must be a social solidarity which is above the social solidarity of each individual. Therefore, if the solidarity of each individual to recognize the benefits of social solidarity of the leader, it will be ready for the subject and obedient to follow (Prolegomena: 132). Wild Nations better able to have power than any other nation. Desert life is a source of courage.
DR.
In fact, this book has been translated into many languages. Here Ibn Khaldun analyze what is called the 'social phenomena' with method-the method is that it makes sense that we can see that he is master and understand social phenomena such.
While the sixth chapter talks about paedagogik, science and knowledge and tools. It's amazing once a masterpiece in the 14th century with complete explain the happenings of sociology, history, economics, science and knowledge. He has explained formed and the disappearance of the countries with the theory of history.
Ibn Khaldun believes strongly once, that basically stands for countries dependent on the first generation (founding) which have the determination and strength to establish a state.
In addition to a top official, he was a prolific writer.
Because their thoughts briliyan Ibn Khaldun is seen Alaihi Salam the foundation stone of the social sciences and political Islam.
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